Course Outline
Check off chapters as you study them, and take each module's test when you're ready. Everything is saved locally in your browser — nothing is uploaded, no account needed.
A note on these questions
These are practice questions written in NEET-style by the Bryn Flow team, covering the correct syllabus concepts for each chapter — they are not reproduced from official past-year papers. NEET Physics tends to emphasize direct conceptual recall and single-step application more than JEE's heavier multi-step numericals, and these questions are calibrated accordingly.
Module 1 — Mechanics I
1 Physics and Measurement
Every physical quantity needs both a numerical value and a unit. The SI system defines base units for fundamental quantities (metre for length, kilogram for mass, second for time, and so on) — all other units are derived from these. A quantity's dimensional formula expresses it in terms of these base dimensions (mass M, length L, time T), which is useful for checking whether an equation could possibly be correct.
Significant figures indicate the precision of a measurement: 3.20 has three significant figures (the trailing zero after the decimal counts), while 320 (with no decimal indicated) is ambiguous without more context.
2 Kinematics
Distance is a scalar (total path length traveled); displacement is a vector (straight-line change in position, with direction). On a position-time graph, the slope at any point gives the instantaneous velocity there.
In uniform circular motion, speed stays constant but velocity constantly changes direction, meaning the object is always accelerating (centripetally, toward the center). Near Earth's surface, all freely falling objects accelerate at approximately 9.8 m/s², regardless of their mass (ignoring air resistance).
3 Laws of Motion
Newton's first law is also called the law of inertia — an object resists changes to its state of motion. Momentum (mass × velocity) has SI unit kg·m/s, and the law of conservation of momentum follows directly from Newton's third law (every action has an equal and opposite reaction).
Friction always opposes the relative motion (or tendency of motion) between two surfaces in contact — it's why objects don't slide forever once a pushing force is removed.
4 Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a force is zero when that force acts perpendicular to the displacement — this is why gravity does no work on an object moving horizontally. Kinetic energy is ½mv²; the SI unit of energy (and work) is the joule.
In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved; in an inelastic collision, only momentum is conserved, with some kinetic energy converting to other forms like heat or sound.
Module 2 — Mechanics II
5 Rotational Motion
Moment of inertia — the rotational analogue of mass — depends not just on how much mass an object has, but on how that mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation. Torque, the rotational analogue of force, has SI unit N·m.
Angular momentum is conserved whenever no external torque acts on a system — this is why a spinning object (like a figure skater pulling in their arms) speeds up as its moment of inertia decreases. For an object rolling without slipping, its linear speed relates to its angular speed by v = ωR.
6 Gravitation
Gravitational force follows an inverse square law — it weakens with the square of the distance between two masses. The escape velocity needed to leave Earth's gravitational influence entirely is about 11.2 km/s.
Kepler's third law relates a planet's orbital period T to its orbital radius r: T² ∝ r³. In an idealized model of a uniform-density Earth, an object's weight would theoretically become zero exactly at the center, where gravitational pull from all directions cancels out.
7 Properties of Solids and Liquids
Hooke's law states that stress is proportional to strain within a material's elastic limit — stretch or compress it too far, and this proportionality breaks down permanently. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa.
Viscosity is the internal friction within a fluid that resists its flow — honey has much higher viscosity than water. Surface tension makes a liquid's surface behave somewhat like a stretched elastic membrane, which is why some insects can walk on water.
Module 3 — Thermal Physics & Waves
8 Thermodynamics
The zeroth law of thermodynamics establishes the basis for temperature measurement: if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they're in thermal equilibrium with each other. Heat, like work and energy, is measured in joules.
An isochoric process happens at constant volume (so no work is done by gas expansion/compression). No real heat engine can ever reach 100% efficiency — some energy is always lost as waste heat, per the second law of thermodynamics.
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Absolute zero (−273.15°C, or 0 Kelvin) is the theoretical temperature at which molecular motion would cease entirely. Boyle's law states that at constant temperature, pressure and volume of a fixed amount of gas are inversely related.
Kinetic theory models gas molecules as undergoing perfectly elastic collisions with each other and container walls. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the gas's absolute temperature — this is essentially the definition of temperature at the molecular level.
10 Oscillations and Waves
Frequency of oscillation is measured in hertz (cycles per second). Sound waves are longitudinal — the medium's particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave travels, unlike transverse waves (like light) where vibration is perpendicular.
Resonance occurs when a system is driven at a frequency matching its own natural frequency, producing dramatically amplified oscillations. A wave's speed through a given medium depends on the medium's physical properties (like density and elasticity), not on the wave's frequency.
Module 4 — Electricity & Magnetism
11 Electrostatics
Electric charge is measured in coulombs. Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Electric field lines never cross one another — if they did, the field would have two directions at that point simultaneously, which isn't physically meaningful.
A capacitor stores electrical energy in the electric field that builds up between its two charged plates, releasing it again when connected to a circuit.
12 Current Electricity
Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of charge, and electrical resistance is measured in ohms. A galvanometer is a sensitive instrument used to detect and measure small electric currents.
Resistivity is an intrinsic property of a material itself (like copper or rubber), unlike resistance, which also depends on a specific conductor's length and cross-sectional area.
13 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Unlike electric field lines (which start and end on charges), magnetic field lines always form closed loops, with no true beginning or end. Magnetic field strength is measured in tesla.
Any moving electric charge creates a magnetic field around it — this is the fundamental link between electricity and magnetism. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet created by passing current through a coil, typically wound around an iron core to strengthen the effect.
14 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Faraday's law relates the induced EMF in a circuit to the rate of change of magnetic flux through it. Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction between two coils, allowing voltage to be stepped up or down.
A step-up transformer increases voltage while correspondingly decreasing current (keeping power roughly constant, ignoring losses). Standard AC power supply frequency in India is 50 Hz.
15 Electromagnetic Waves
Unlike sound waves, electromagnetic waves don't need a medium — they travel perfectly well through the vacuum of space, which is how sunlight reaches Earth. Visible light is just one narrow band within the much broader electromagnetic spectrum.
X-rays carry more energy and have higher frequency than visible light. All electromagnetic waves carry both energy and momentum, even though they have no rest mass.
Module 5 — Optics & Modern Physics
16 Optics
Light bending as it passes from one medium into another (like air into water) is called refraction. A concave mirror can form either a real image or a virtual image, depending on where the object is placed relative to the focal point.
The human eye's lens is convex, focusing light to form a real image on the retina. Myopia (near-sightedness, where distant objects appear blurry) is corrected using a concave (diverging) lens.
17 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
The photoelectric effect — where light striking a metal ejects electrons — demonstrates that light behaves as discrete particles (photons), not just as a continuous wave. A photon's energy is given by E = hf, proportional to the light's frequency.
Above the threshold frequency, increasing the light's intensity increases the number of photoelectrons emitted (but not their individual maximum energy, which depends on frequency alone). Cathode rays are simply a stream of electrons.
18 Atoms and Nuclei
An atom's nucleus contains protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons. Isotopes of an element share the same number of protons (same atomic number) but differ in the number of neutrons (different mass numbers).
Alpha particles are essentially helium nuclei (2 protons + 2 neutrons), emitted during certain types of radioactive decay. Nuclear fission splits a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei, releasing energy in the process.
19 Electronic Devices
A semiconductor's electrical conductivity falls between that of a conductor (like copper) and an insulator (like rubber) — and crucially, it can be precisely controlled. Silicon and germanium are the most common semiconductor materials used in electronics.
A diode is built to allow current to flow easily in one direction while blocking it in the reverse direction. Doping — deliberately adding trace impurities — increases a semiconductor's conductivity in a controlled, useful way.
20 Communication Systems
Modulation superimposes information onto a carrier wave, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. Every communication system has three basic elements: a transmitter, a channel the signal travels through, and a receiver.
Optical fibers transmit light signals using total internal reflection, bouncing light along the fiber's length with minimal loss. Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies available for transmitting a given signal.